
How Hardware Wallets Work — and the One Failure Mode Nobody Checks
· 17 days ago · 14 mins read
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Uniswap is a decentralised exchange that replaced the order book with a formula. Instead of matching buyers with sellers, it holds pools of two assets and prices trades according to their ratio, so a trade can always execute against the pool without anyone on the other side.
Anyone can supply liquidity to a pool and earn a share of trading fees. Anyone can create a market for any pair of tokens without permission or listing approval. Hayden Adams founded Uniswap Labs, which builds the protocol.
The protocol itself is a set of non-upgradable smart contracts on Ethereum. Each version, once deployed, runs indefinitely — no operator can pause it, alter its terms or seize funds. This is the property that distinguishes it from a centralised exchange, and it is architectural rather than promised.
Version 3 introduced concentrated liquidity, letting providers commit capital to a chosen price range rather than spreading it across every possible price. Capital efficiency improved substantially, at the cost of requiring providers to think about where they place liquidity and to manage positions that can drift out of range.
Version 4, announced in 2023, changed the underlying structure. All pools now live in a single contract rather than being deployed individually, cutting the gas cost of creating a pool by around ninety-nine percent. It also introduced hooks — custom code that runs at defined points in a pool's lifecycle, allowing limit orders, dynamic fees and custom oracles to be built into pools themselves.
UNI is a governance token, not a claim on protocol revenue. One billion were minted at launch in September 2020, distributed to community, team, investors and advisors over four years, after which a perpetual two percent annual inflation begins. Holders vote on proposals through an on-chain governance system.
| Launched | September 2020 (UNI token, 16 September) |
|---|---|
| Founder | Hayden Adams (Uniswap Labs) |
| Consensus | None of its own — ERC-20 token on Ethereum |
| Max supply | 1,000,000,000 UNI at genesis; 2% annual inflation after year four |
| Block time | Inherits Ethereum's |
A design that prices trades using a formula and a pool of assets instead of matching orders between buyers and sellers. Trades execute against the pool, so liquidity is always available at some price.
Governance. Holders vote on proposals affecting the protocol. UNI does not entitle holders to trading fees, which go to liquidity providers.
The deployed contracts are non-upgradable and have no administrative pause function, so the protocol itself continues to operate as long as Ethereum does. The web interface operated by Uniswap Labs is a separate matter and can be restricted.
Introduced in version 3, it lets liquidity providers commit capital to a specific price range rather than the entire curve, improving capital efficiency at the cost of requiring active management.
Custom code that runs at defined moments in a pool's lifecycle — before or after swaps, liquidity changes and pool creation. They allow features such as limit orders, dynamic fees and custom oracles to be built directly into a pool.
One billion were created at launch and distributed over four years. After that period a perpetual two percent annual inflation begins, so the supply is not permanently fixed. ---

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